What is the typical time frame on the mainnet for the new ICP index canister to detect new transactions?
If I execute a transfer, even approximately, how long would it take for this canister to record the transaction and make it available through its end points?
The waiting time for the index canister is calculated here.
For example, if the index canister tries to fetch blocks from the ICP ledger and there has only been a single block that was created since the last time it tried to fetch blocks, then the waiting time for the next fetching of blocks will be 59 seconds. If there is no new block that was created since the last time, the waiting time is 60 seconds (DEFAULT_MAX_WAIT_TIME).
To answer your questions, it depends on how many blocks were created in the previous waiting time frame. The more blocks were created in the previous waiting time the shorter the next waiting time will be.
The maximum you will have to wait for your transaction to be picked up by the ICP index canister is 60 seconds.